Full disk encryption protects the data on your device in the event it is lost or stolen. Without full disk encryption, if the data drive in the computer is removed, the data can be easily read and accessed. When correctly deployed, full disk encryption requires unauthorized users to have both physical access to your device as well as the password in order to decrypt the data on your device.
BitLocker is Microsoft's built-in encryption software for Windows designed to provide full-disk encryption for hard drives and USB flash drives.